05 April 2012

Top Safety Vehicles for 2012

Top Safety Vehicles for 2012



The list of winners of the 2012 Top Safety Pick award for vehicles with the highest levels of crash protection is longer than ever this year.



2012 Honda Accord on the crushing device to test roof strength for rollover protection: In the Institute's roof strength test, a metal plate is pushed against 1 side of a roof at a constant speed. To earn a good rating, the roof must withstand a force of 4 times the vehicle's weight before reaching 5 inches of crush. (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety)


On Thursday, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, a nonprofit financed by the insurance industry, released its 2012 list of vehicles with the best crash test ratings, and some in nearly every size category evaluated earned accolades.

The award recognizes vehicles that do the best job protecting people in all four of the most common kinds of crashes. According to the institute, automakers strengthened roofs to meet the rollover performance requirement it added in 2010.

“For the second year running a record number of models qualify,” Adrian Lund, the institute’s president said in a statement. “It’s tough to win, and we commend auto manufacturers for making safety a top priority.”

This year, 115 vehicles made the list: 69 cars, 38 SUVs, 5 minivans, and 3 pickups.

Every major automaker had at least one winner, as was the case last year. Subaru, the institute noted, remained the only manufacturer that earned awards for every model it built in 2012, for a total of five awards.

Toyota had the most vehicles of any automaker, earning top ratings for 15 models, including Lexus and Scion. The Camry made the list for the first time since Toyota redesigned the 2012 model’s seat/head restraint design for rear impact protection. General Motors has 14 models on the list, followed by Volkswagen/Audi with 13. Ford/Lincoln and Honda/Acura each earned 12 awards.

Ten of the 18 new vehicles added to the list for 2012 are Honda/Acura models, including the midsize Accord sedan.

“Honda/Acura deserves credit for most-improved status,” said Lund. “The automaker buckled down and upgraded roofs on 10 models that missed winning last year because of rollover protection. Now, the automaker has winners in the minicar, small car, midsize car, small SUV, midsize SUV, minivan, and large pickup categories.”

The institute said that vehicles that received good ratings for rollover protection had roofs more than twice as strong as required by the current federal standard, and estimated that such roofs reduced the risk of serious and fatal injury in single-vehicle rollovers by about 50 percent compared with roofs that met the minimum requirement. A new federal standard for roof strength will phase in beginning with 2013 models, according to the institute.


There are also more green choices this year


Fifteen winners are hybrids, including the Toyota Prius v. The plug-in electric Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf, winners in 2011, are also on this year’s list.


http://www.forbes.com/

Automotive industry in Italy

Automotive industry in Italy


The Automotive industry in Italy is a quite large employer in the country, with a labour force of over 196,000 (2004) working in the industry. Italy is the 5th largest automobile producer in Europe (2006). Today the Italian automotive industry is almost totally dominated by Fiat Group, in 2001 over 90% of vehicles were produced by it. As well as its own, predominantly mass market model range, Fiat also owns the upmarket Alfa Romeo and Lancia brands as well as the exotic Lamborghini and Maserati. Over the years it has also been involved in numerous enterprises outside Italy, many of which have involved the production of Fiat based models, including Lada in Russia, Yugo in the former Yugoslavia, FSO in Poland and SEAT (now part of Volkswagen) in Spain.
Italian automotive part industry covered over 2,131 firms and employed almost 250,000 people in 2006. Italy's automotive industry is best known of its automobile designs and small city cars, sports and supercars. The automotive industry makes a significant contribution of 8.5% to Italian GDP.

File:Fiat 3,5hp 1899.jpg


History

Beginnings

The automobile industry in Italy started a little bit later than in France. The Stefanini-Martina of 1896 is thought of as the inaugural vehicle of the industry. However, Enrico Bernardi had built a petrol fueled tri-cycle car in 1884. Fiat SpA was founded in 1899 and built its first car in same year, the 3½HP (or 4HP), with a 679 cc engine. It was capable of 35 km/h (22 mph).  Isotta Fraschini was founded in 1900, at first assembling Renault model automobiles.
The automobile industry grew quickly and soon many companies were founded, including Zust, Lancia, Aquila Italiana, Diatto, Itala, SPA and Società Anonima Italiana Darracq.


Production figures



Italian motor vehicle production 1997-2006
 
(100,000 units)
Year12345678910111213141516171819
1997 1827592
1998 1692737
1999 1704326
2000 1741478
2001 1581908
2002 1429678
2003 1324481
2004 1145181
2005 1038352
2006 1211594
 
 
 
Italian motor vehicle production 1961-1996
 
(100,000 units)
Year12345678910111213141516171819
1961 759000
1971 181700
1981 143300
1991 187800
1994 153400
1995 166700
1996 154500
 
 
Italian motor vehicle production 1913-1935
 
(1,000 units)
Year12345678910111213141516171819
1913 2
1924 35
1928 55
1935 44



Italian automobile manufacturers include:






Defunct manufacturers:





From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Automotive industry in Japan

Automotive industry in Japan



The Japanese automotive industry is one of the most prominent industries in the world. Japan was the world's largest vehicle manufacturer in 2008 but lost one rank in 2009 to current leader China (although the automotive industry in Japan still remains unrivalled by quality standards). It is home to a number of companies that produces cars, construction vehicles, motorcycles, ATVs, engines, etc.
Japanese automotive manufacturers include Toyota, Honda, Daihatsu, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Mitsuoka .


File:2007 Lexus LF-A concept.jpg



History

Early years


In 1904, Torao Yamaha produced the first domestically manufactured bus, which was powered by a steam engine. In 1907, Komanosuke Uchiyama produced the Takuri, the first entirely Japanese-made gasoline engine car. In 1911, Kwaishinsha Motorcar Works (later to evolve into Nissan Motors) was established and later began manufacturing a car called the DAT. Most early vehicles, however, were trucks produced under military subsidy.

Cars built in Japan before World War II tended to be based on European or American models. The 1917 Mitsubishi Model A was based on the Fiat A3-3 design. (This model was considered to be the first mass-produced car in Japan, with 22 units produced.) In the 1930s, Nissan Motors' cars were based on the Austin 7 and Graham-Paige designs, while the Toyota AA model was based on the Chrysler Airflow. Ohta built cars in the 1930s based on Ford models.

The Ford Motor Company of Japan was established in 1925 and a production plant was set up in Yokohama. General Motors established operations in Osaka in 1927. Chrysler also came to Japan and set up Kyoritsu Motors. Between 1925 and 1936, the United States Big Three automakers' Japanese subsidiaries produced a total of 208,967 vehicles, compared to the domestic producers total of 12,127 vehicles. In 1936, the Japanese government passed the Automobile Manufacturing Industry Law, which was intended to promote the domestic auto industry and reduce foreign competition; ironically, this stopped the groundbreaking of an integrated Ford plant in Yokohama, modeled on Dagenham in England and intended to serve the Asian market, that would have established Japan as a major exporter. Instead by 1939, the foreign manufacturers had been forced out of Japan. Vehicle production was shifted in the late 1930s to truck production due to the Second Sino-Japanese War.

For the first decade after World War II, auto production was limited, and until 1966 most production consisted of trucks (including 3-wheel vehicles). Thereafter passenger cars dominated the market. Japanese car designs also continued to imitate or be derived from European and American designs.

 

 1960s to today

During the 1960s, Japanese automakers launched a bevy of new kei cars in their domestic market; scooters and motorcycles remained dominant, with sales of 1.47 million in 1960 versus a mere 36,000 kei cars. These tiny automobiles usually featured very small engines (under 360cc, but were sometimes fitted with engines of up to 600cc for export) to keep taxes much lower than larger cars. The average person in Japan was now able to afford an automobile, which boosted sales dramatically and jumpstarted the auto industry toward becoming what it is today. The first of this new era, actually launched in 1958, was the Subaru 360. It was known as the "Lady Beetle", comparing its significance to the Volkswagen Beetle in Germany. Other significant models were the Suzuki Fronte, Mitsubishi Minica, Mazda Carol, and the Honda N360.

The keis were very minimalist motoring, however, much to small for most family car usage. The most popular economy car segment in the sixties was the 700-800 cc class, embodied by the Toyota Publica, Mitsubishi Colt 800, and the original Mazda Familia. By the end of the sixties, however, these (often two-stroke) cars were being replaced by full one-litre cars with four-stroke engines, a move which was spearheaded by Nissan's 1966 Sunny. All other manufacturers quickly followed suit, except for Toyota who equipped their Corolla with a 1.1&bsp;litre engine - the extra 100 cc were heavily touted in period advertising. These small family cars took a bigger and bigger share of an already expanding market.

Rapidly increasing domestic demand and the expansion of Japanese car companies into foreign markets in the 1970s further accelerated growth. Passenger car exports rose from 100,000 in 1965 to 1,827,000 in 1975. Automobile production in Japan continued to increase rapidly after the 1970s, as Mitsubishi (as Dodge vehicles) and Honda began selling their vehicles in the US. Even more brands came to America and abroad during the 1970s, and by the 1980s, the Japanese manufacturers were gaining a major foothold in the US and world markets.

With Japanese manufacturers producing very affordable, reliable, and popular cars throughout the 1990s, Japan became the largest car producing nation in the world in 2000. However, its market share has decreased slightly in recent years, particularly due to old and new competition from South Korea, China and India. Nevertheless, Japan's car industry continues to flourish, its market share has risen again, and in the first quarter of 2008 Toyota surpassed American General Motors to become the world's largest car manufacturer. Today, Japan is the third largest automobile market and, until China recently overtook them, was the largest car producer in the world. Still, automobile export remains one of the country's most profitable exports and is a cornerstone of recovery plan for the latest economic crisis.



Timeline of the Japanese car industry


1900-1970




  • 1907 - Hatsudoki Seizo Co., Ltd. established







  • 1911 - Kwaishinsha Motorcar Works established







  • 1917 - Mitsubishi Motors' 1st car







  • 1918 - Isuzu's 1st car







  • 1920-1925 Gorham/Lila - auto production established (merged into Datsun)







  • 1924-1927 Otomo built at the Hakuyosha Ironworks in Tokyo







  • 1931 - Mazda Mazdago - by Toyo Kogyo corp, later Mazda







  • 1934-1957 Ohta begins auto production







  • 1936 - Toyota's 1st car (Toyota AA)







  • 1952-1966 Prince Motor Company (integrated into Nissan)







  • 1953-1967 Hino Motors starts auto production (merged into Toyota)







  • 1954 - Subaru's 1st car (Subaru P-1)







  • 1955 - Suzuki's 1st car (Suzulight)







  • 1957 - Daihatsu's 1st car (Daihatsu Midget)







  • 1963 - Honda's 1st car (Honda S500)







  • 1966 - One of the best selling cars of all time, the Toyota Corolla, is introduced







  • 1967 - Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) is founded







  • Since 1970




  • 1981 - Voluntary Export Restraints from May limit exports to United States to 1.68 million cars per year; redundant by 1990 as production inside US displaces direct exports; similar policies in several EU countries







  • 1982 - Honda Accord becomes the first Japanese car built in the United States







  • 1982 - Mitsuoka 1st car (BUBU shuttle 50)







  • 1983 - Holden and Nissan form a joint venture in Australia







  • 1984 - Toyota opens NUMMI, the first joint venture plant in the United States with General Motors







  • 1986 - Acura is launched in the US by Honda







  • 1988 - Daihatsu enters the US making it the first time all nine Japanese manufacturers are present







  • 1989 - Lexus is launched in the US by Toyota







  • 1989 - Infiniti is launched in the US by Nissan







  • 1989 - United Australian Automobile Industries (UAAI) founded in Australia as a joint venture between Toyota and Holden







  • 1996 - UAAI joint venture dissolved







  • 2003 - Scion is launched by Toyota







  • 2008 - Toyota surpasses General Motors to become the world's largest car manufacturer







  • 2010 - 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls







  • 2011 - Tohoku earthquake affects production.








  • Production volumes


    The following are vehicle production volumes for Japanese vehicle manufacturers, according to the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA).


    Passenger carsTrucksBuses
    Manufacturer200720082009
    Toyota3,849,3533,631,1462,277,426
    Honda1,288,5771,230,621729,804
    Nissan982,8701,095,661702,071
    Suzuki1,061,7671,059,456691,435
    Mazda952,2901,038,725627,517
    Daihatsu648,289641,322507,638
    Mitsubishi758,038770,667320,690
    Subaru403,428460,515318,714
    Other25300
    Total9,944,6379,928,1436,175,295
    Manufacturer200720082009
    Toyota291,008271,544163,092
    Suzuki156,530158,779135,724
    Daihatsu138,312151,935121,291
    Isuzu236,619250,692104,387
    Nissan188,788189,005100,507
    Mitsubishi88,04583,27656,895
    Hino101,909101,03755,295
    Subaru72,42264,40146,098
    Mitsubishi Fuso131,055115,57344,462
    Honda43,26833,76024,803
    Mazda43,22139,96522,119
    Nissan Diesel44,39845,98316,738
    Other2,4452,449489
    Total1,538,0201,508,399891,900
    Manufacturer200720082009
    Toyota85,776109,69863,178
    Mitsubishi Fuso10,22510,6114,619
    Nissan7,4228,4164,130
    Hino4,9845,1794,044
    Isuzu3,6683,2211,804
    Nissan Diesel1,5951,9771,479
    Total113,670139,10279,254
    January–November 2009



    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    04 April 2012

    Applying for a provisional driving licence (UK)

    Applying for a provisional driving licence




    Before you can learn to drive a car, moped or motorcycle you must apply for a provisional driving licence. If you already hold a valid full driving licence and want to learn to drive larger vehicles, minibuses or buses you will need to apply for provisional entitlement for these vehicles.

     

    Apply online


    You can apply for your first provisional driving licence for a car, moped or motorcycle using the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency's (DVLA) secure and easy to use online service.


    Please note, you cannot use this service if you have previously had a provisional licence.

     

    Apply in person or by post

    You can apply for your provisional driving licence by completing the D1 application form that is available from the DVLA form ordering service or Post Office® branches. You will also need to enclose original documentation confirming your identity, a passport style colour photograph and the fee of £50.00. Send your completed application and payment to DVLA, Swansea, SA99 1AD or you may be able to use the premium checking service.

     

    Applying for provisional entitlement for larger vehicles, minibuses and buses


    If you currently hold a valid full paper licence and want to add provisional entitlement to drive larger vehicles, minibuses and buses you must complete the application form D2 and the medical report form D4. These are available from the DVLA form ordering service. The D4 has to be completed by a doctor and you should ensure that all the relevant questions are completed. The doctor will normally charge you for completing the report and those registered for VAT are also required to charge an additional 20 per cent on top of their fee.

    It is also necessary to return original documentation confirming your identity, a passport style colour photograph and your current paper driving licence. There is no fee required for the application. The address to send this information is DVLA, Swansea, SA99 1BR or you may be able to use the premium checking service.



    If you hold a valid full photocard driving licence and want to apply for a provisional driving licence to drive larger vehicles, minibuses and buses all that is needed is the completion of the application form D2 and the medical report form D4. You must also enclose your photocard driving licence (with the D740 paper counterpart) to DVLA, Swansea, SA99 1BR.

     

    When to expect your licence


    DVLA aims to deliver your driving licence to you within three weeks of receiving your application. It will take longer if your health or personal details have to be checked.
    When your licence is issued it will now have a number of added security features. One of the main differences being a laser engraved black and white photograph.


    You will need to wait for your new licence to arrive before driving. Please allow at least three weeks for your licence to arrive before contacting DVLA.

     

    Plastic wallets


    Please note that DVLA no longer issues plastic wallets with photocard driving licences. This decision was taken primarily to help minimise the costs of issuing licences to the public. The agency has also received numerous complaints from members of the public about the size of the plastic wallet. Consequently many drivers discard the wallet and use a different way of protecting their licence. Old plastic wallets sent in to the agency cannot be returned.

     

    Further information


    Information on what vehicles you can drive and how old you must be to drive them can be found on the link below.



    You must tell the DVLA if you have ever had, or currently suffer from, a medical condition that may affect your driving.


    You must tell DVLA if you have convictions relating to drivers hours, roadworthiness or loading and if applying for a minibus or bus licence any other convictions not relating to driving.





    http://www.direct.gov.uk/

    Vehicle Loading Category (UK)

    Theory Test - Vehicle Loading Category

    Topics include:

    • Towing - understanding the affects of towing a trailer and the relevant regulations.

    • Stability - understanding how to correctly load vehicles, trailers and caravans and how towing can affect vehicle stability and safety.

    Questions concern vehicle stability and towing regulations.



    When towing a trailer or caravan on a motorway:

    • Do not exceed 60 mph.

    • Do not use the right-hand lane unless directed to do so.

    • To stop a trailer or caravan from snaking you should ease off the accelerator and slow down gradually.


    Facts To Know

    • It is advised you inflate your tyres to a higher pressure than normal when carrying a heavy load, or when driving fast for long distances.

    • A heavy vehicle load, on a roof rack or in the car, will reduce stability and affect steering and handling.

    • The driver is always responsible for making sure the vehicle isn't overloaded.

    • Any load must be securely fastened.

    • To improve handling when towing a caravan fit a stabiliser to the towbar.

    • When towing a caravan never allow passengers to travel in it.

    • Using a roof rack will increase fuel consumption.

    • A child passenger under the age of three, should be seated in a child seat.


    Towing A Trailer

    • Before towing a trailer check your vehicles handbook to learn the maximum noseweight of your vehicle's tow ball.

    • The weight of a trailer should be no more than 85% of the car that is pulling it.

    • A breakaway cable is a safety device fitted to a trailer.

    • When loading a trailer spread the load evenly.

    • It is against the law to have a load that is sticking out in a dangerous way.

    • If you park a vehicle with a trailer overnight it must have lights

    Contains the Theory Test Questions for Car Drivers valid from September 2008 or valid until Autumn 2010. Crown copyright material has been reproduced by permission of the Driving Standards Agency which does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the reproduction.


    http://www.driving-test-success.com/

    Accidents and Emergency Category (UK)

    Theory Test - Accidents and Emergency Category

    Topics include:

    • First Aid - basic first aid and dealing with road accidents

    • Warning Devices - knowing how to warn other road users of an accident

    • Reporting Procedures - knowing how and when to call the emergency services and knowing when you must report road accidents

    • Safety Regulations - understanding the warning signs and dangers for vehicles carrying hazardous loads.

    Use Hazard Warning lights

    • When stopped and temporarily obstructing traffic
    • When you slow down quickly on a motorway because of a hazard ahead
    • When you have broken down

    First Aid

    • To stop bleeding without the aid of a bandage apply pressure to the wound and, if possible, raise it.

    • If an accident victim has a burn, you should try and cool it, with clean, cool, non-toxic liquid, for at least 10 minutes. If anything is stuck to the burn do not remove it.

    • You find an unconscious casualty. You should check their breathing for at least 10 seconds. Do this by placing your cheek over their mouth and nose (to feel for breath) and then looking to see if the chest rises.

    • If the casualty is breathing you should still check that their airway is clear.

    • If a casualty isn't breathing then chest compression should be given at a rate of 100 per minute. The correct depth to press is 4 to 5 centimeters.

    • When giving mouth to mouth resuscitation to a child you must breath into their mouth gently.

    • A person suffering from shock may be sweating and have pale grey skin.

    • An unconscious motorcyclist must only be moved if absolutely necessary, as moving them could worsen any injuries. Do not remove their helmet. Seek medical assistance straight away.

    • Any casualty with suspected back injuries should not be moved.

    At any crash if you find an unconscious casualty your first priority is to check their breathing. You must then:

    • Check circulation
    • Check their airway is clear - remove anything blocking the mouth then tilt the head back
    • Stop any heavy bleeding
    • Warn other traffic

    Try and keep injured people

    • Warm and comfortable
    • Calm by reassuring them
    • Do not leave them alone

    Accident Scenes

    If you arrive at a accident scene

    • Make sure all engines are switched off.
    • Call the emergency services.
    • Don't put yourself at risk.
    • Switch on your hazard warning lights.
    • Get people who are not injured away from the scene (this is your priority).
    If you are in a collision that causes damage or injury to any other person, vehicle, animal or property then you must stop and give the following details to anyone who has reasonable grounds for requiring them.
    • Your name
    • The vehicle owner's name and address
    • The vehicle's make and registration
    • Insurance details

    If you cause damage to property and the property owner is not available then you must inform the police within 24 hours.

    If you are involved in a road accident the police may ask to see your driving licence, insurance certificate, MOT certificate.

    Long Tunnels

    • When driving through long tunnels variable message signs will warn you of congestion or an incident ahead.

    • Keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front. If the vehicle in front stops or breakdown you may need to manoeuvre passed it.

    • If you breakdown use your hazard lights and call for help.

    • Tune your radio to the frequency shown.

    • If your vehicle catches fire continue through the tunnel if you can. If you can't try and put the fire out.

    Level Crossings

    If you breakdown on a level crossing:

    • Leave your vehicle and get yourself and any passengers away from the crossing
    • Phone the signal operator
    • Move the vehicle if a signal operator tells you to

    Motorways

    • If you get a puncture on a motorway pull up on the hard should and use the emergency phone to call for help.

    • Use your hazard lights to warn other drivers if you have to slow down quickly due to a hazard ahead or if your breakdown and can't reach the hard shoulder.

    • A large box falls from a lorry. The lorry doesn't stop. You should pull onto the hard shoulder near an emergency telephone and report it.

    When using an emergency telephone you will be asked

    • The number on the telephone
    • Details of yourself and your vehicle
    • Are you a member of a motoring organisation

    Other Facts

    • If your engine catches fire you should pull up as safely and as quickly as you can and call the fire brigade. Do not open the bonnet.

    • While driving a dashboard warning light comes on, you should check out the problem quickly and safely.


    DSA Theory Questions - Accidents Category
    1 You see a car on the hard shoulder of a motorway with a HELP pennant displayed. This means the driver is most likely to be (mark ONE answer)

    Knowledge and Understanding If a disabled driver’s vehicle breaks down and they are unable to walk to an emergency phone, they are advised to stay in their car and switch on the hazard warning lights. They may also display a 'Help’ pennant in their vehicle.


    a disabled driver
    first aid trained
    a foreign visitor
    a rescue patrol person
    2 You are going through a congested tunnel and have to stop. What should you do? (mark ONE answer)

    Knowledge and Understanding It’s important to keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front at all times. This still applies in congested tunnels even if you are moving very slowly or have stopped. If the vehicle in front breaks down you may need room to manoeuvre past it.


    Pull up very close to the vehicle in front to save space
    Ignore any message signs as they are never up to date
    Keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front
    Make a U-turn and find another route
    3 You are on a motorway. A large box falls onto the road from a lorry. The lorry does not stop. You should (mark ONE answer)

    Knowledge and Understanding Lorry drivers can be unaware of objects falling from their vehicles. If you see something fall onto a motorway look to see if the driver pulls over. If they don’t stop, do not attempt to retrieve it yourself. Pull on to the hard shoulder near an emergency telephone and report the hazard. You will be connected to the police or a Highways Agency control centre.


    go to the next emergency telephone and report the hazard
    catch up with the lorry and try to get the driver's attention
    stop close to the box until the police arrive
    pull over to the hard shoulder, then remove the box
    4 You arrive at the scene of a motorcycle crash. The rider is injured. When should the helmet be removed? (mark ONE answer)

    Knowledge and Understanding DO NOT remove a motorcyclist’s helmet unless it is essential. Remember they may be suffering from shock. Don’t give them anything to eat or drink but do reassure them confidently.


    Only when it is essential
    Always straight away
    Only when the motorcyclist asks
    Always, unless they are in shock
    5 Which of the following should you not do at the scene of a collision? (mark ONE answer)

    Knowledge and Understanding Keeping casualties or witnesses calm is important, but never offer a cigarette because of the risk of fire. Bear in mind they may be in shock. Don’t offer an injured person anything to eat or drink. They may have internal injuries or need surgery.


    Warn other traffic by switching on your hazard warning lights
    Call the emergency services immediately
    Offer someone a cigarette to calm them down
    Ask drivers to switch off their engines
    6 At an incident a casualty is unconscious but still breathing. You should only move them if (mark ONE answer)

    Knowledge and Understanding Do not move a casualty unless there is further danger, for example, from other traffic or fire. They may have unseen or internal injuries. Moving them unnecessarily could cause further injury. Do NOT remove a motorcyclists helmet unless it’s essential.


    an ambulance is on its way
    bystanders advise you to
    there is further danger
    bystanders will help you to
    7 Your tyre bursts while you are driving. Which TWO things should you do? 9mark TWO answers)

    Knowledge and Understanding A tyre bursting can lead to a loss of control, especially if you’re travelling at high speed. Using the correct procedure should help you to stop the vehicle safely.


    Pull on the handbrake
    Brake as quickly as possible
    Pull up slowly at the side of the road
    Hold the steering wheel firmly to keep control
    Continue on at a normal speed
    8 Which TWO safeguards could you take against fire risk to your vehicle? (mark TWO answers)

    Knowledge and Understanding The fuel in your vehicle can be a dangerous fire hazard. Never use a naked flame near the vehicle if you can smell fuel or smoke when refuelling your vehicle.


    Keep water levels above maximum
    Carry a fire extinguisher
    Avoid driving with a full tank of petrol
    Use unleaded petrol
    Check out any strong smell of petrol
    Use low octane fuel
    9 Your car catches fire. What should you do first? (mark ONE answer)

    Knowledge and Understanding If you suspect a fire in the engine compartment you should pull up as safely and as quickly as possible. DO NOT open the bonnet as this will fuel the fire further. Get any passengers out of the vehicle and dial 999 immediately to contact the fire brigade.


    Lift the bonnet and disconnect the battery
    Lift the bonnet and warn other traffic
    Call a breakdown service
    Call the fire brigade
    10 You are in a collision on a two-way road. You have a warning triangle with you. At what distance before the obstruction should you place the warning triangle? (mark ONE answer)

    Knowledge and Understanding This is the minimum distance to place the triangle from the obstruction. If there’s a bend or hump in the road place it so that approaching traffic has plenty of time to react to the warning and slow down. You may also need to use your hazard warning lights, especially in poor visibility or at night.


    25 metres
    45 metres
    100 metres
    150 metres
    http://www.driving-test-success.com/